Perfect Tenses and Modals.

Present Perfect.

1. Unspecific time in the past.

Activity started and finished in the past.
No mention of a specific time.
Live experience.
May described repeated events.

2. Since/ For.

Activity beginning in the past and still going now.
For + duration of time (1 year, 3 months)
Since + specific point in the past (last year, September)

Adamson Andrew. (2004). Shrek 2. Youtube - Voscreen.
https://www.voscreen.com/pg/voStructure/present_perfect/1291/s5m2arcbb41yhu4a2/es

Past Participle.

Past participle is another form of verbs in English.

*Past participle cannot be the only verb in a sentence.

*We can use HAVE (present perfect) or HAD (past perfect) with Past participle.

Martinez Gina. (2023). 2 Monkeys missing from Dallas Zoo believed to have been taken, police say. CBS.
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dallas-zoo-monkeys-missing-were-taken/

Stative verbs.

Non-action verbs.

The don't express an action.
They express a state.
We use them to talk about toughs, emotions, senses, and states of being.
We don't use verbs that express states with -ing.

EXCEPTIONS: Some verbs can express both states and actions, depending on the context.

Lana del Rey. (2017). Love. Youtube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-NTv0CdFCk

Past Perfect.

We use the past perfect to clearly show that once past event happened before another past event.

Yates David. (2007). Harry Potter and the order of the phoenix. Youtube. HBO MAX. Past perfect (had gone) examples movies and TV shows. Youtube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3NnmViTsX8